![]() Having the seasons centered on the solstices and equinoxes also used to be the European tradition with midsummer equivalent to the summer solstice (usually 21 June), and Midsummer Day ( 24 June) as a quarter day in England, Wales, and Ireland. In the Japanese calendar, seasons traditionally followed the lunisolar calendar with the solstices and equinoxes at the middle of a season. Autumn is also the time when the full moon can help farmers work under the moonlight to harvest their crops (see harvest moon). Often the night sky will be free of clouds so that also helps with noticing the moon. The full moon as photographed by the Galileo spacecraft.īut why is the moon ( tsuki) an autumn kigo since it is up in the sky all year long? Autumn is when the days are getting shorter and the nights are getting longer but are still warm enough to stay outside, so you are more likely to notice the moon. Much of what is said here of kigo use in haiku applied to haikai (and the hokku of renga) as well. Many haiku written in languages other than Japanese may omit kigo.įollowing scholarly precision, the term haikai is used here for the pre-Shiki form and haiku for the post-Shiki form, though popular usage often anachronistically applies haiku to both pre- and post-Shiki verse. Today, however, most Japanese haiku still contain a kigo, although some may omit it. In the Taishō Era (1912-1925) a movement began to drop the kigo entirely. Near the end of the 19th century, the hokku, the opening verse, was completely separated from the context of haikai no renga by Masaoka Shiki and revised and written as an entirely independent verse form, though retaining the kigo. A lighter form of renga called haikai no renga ("playful" linked verse) was introduced near the end of the 15th century thus haikai was the linked verse practice followed and elevated by Matsuo Bashō and others until the Meiji Era (1867-1912). These rules also said that the hokku (the opening stanza of the renga) must include a reference to the season in which the renga was being written. By the 13th century there were very set rules for the writing of renga, and the formal structure of renga specified that about half of the stanzas were supposed to include a reference to a specific season depending upon their place in the renga. ![]() The writing of the linked verses of renga started in the middle of Heian period (roughly 1000) and developed through the medieval era. Both of these anthologies also had sections for other categories, such as love poems and miscellaneous (zō) poems. By the time of the first imperial Japanese anthology, the Kokinshū, a century and a half later (AD 905 ) the season sections had become a much larger part of that anthology. The first anthology of Japanese poetry, the mid 8th century Man'yōshū, had several sections devoted to the seasons. Representation of and reference to the seasons has always been important in Japanese culture and poetry. They are valuable in providing an economy of expression for the very short Japanese poetry known as haiku to indicate the season in which the poem is set. Kigo were originally used in the longer linked-verse form known as renga, and especially in the opening verse of a renga, the hokku, to indicate the season when the stanza is set. Kigo ( season word(s), from the Japanese 季語, kigo) are words or phrases that are generally associated with a particular season. An umbrella will also be helpful on a rainy day.Cherry trees from Japan around the Tidal Basin in Washington, DC. A long-sleeved shirt or a light jacket may be used in the cooler mornings or evenings. If you go in September, bring light clothes, sunscreen, and sunglasses. Anyways, this month is considered one of the best times to visit the city. While hot and humid tropical currents don't affect Seoul in September, the month can still be influenced by typhoons caused by tropical cyclones of South-East Asia. At the same time, the sea in Incheon hasn't lost its warmth yet-the sea temperature is 23☌ (73☏). ![]() The average highs hover around mid-twenties (77☏), and lows plummet several degrees below 20☌ (68☏). Besides, the air temperatures are much more comfortable. There's no uncomfortable humidity any longer. ![]() Correspondingly, the amount of sunshine is greater than in the wet summer season. First of all, the precipitation is less than half of the August value, so naturally, rainy days are fewer now. With the onset of autumn, the weather changes markedly.
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